预计阅读

那些年追过的 Linux 发行版

黄湘云

分类: 统计软件
标签: 源码编译, Linux 发行版
日期: 2020/05/23
字数:
编辑:

时至今日，CentOS 都停服了，我也不再是那少年，这些折腾记录了我曾是个爱折腾的少年！

CentOS 8.x & Fedora 29+

虚拟机内使用 CentOS 8.x 和 Fedora 29+ 系统时遇到的一些问题。

修改网络配置

# CentOS 8.x
sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s8
TYPE=Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy
NAME=enp0s8
UUID=b1914547-de69-4974-93f3-9b8bef8dabc0
DEVICE=enp0s8
ONBOOT=yes

将 ONBOOT=no 设置为 ONBOOT=yes，然后重启网络

sudo systemctl restart NetworkManager.service
# 或者
sudo systemctl stop NetworkManager.service
sudo systemctl start NetworkManager.service
# 或者
sudo nmcli networking off
sudo nmcli networking on

本地化设置

命令行内输入 locale 看到如下输出时，意味着系统语言环境没有设置

locale: Cannot set LC_CTYPE to default locale: No such file or directory
locale: Cannot set LC_MESSAGES to default locale: No such file or directory
locale: Cannot set LC_ALL to default locale: No such file or directory
LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8
LC_CTYPE="zh_CN.UTF-8"
LC_NUMERIC="zh_CN.UTF-8"
LC_TIME="zh_CN.UTF-8"
LC_COLLATE="zh_CN.UTF-8"
LC_MONETARY="zh_CN.UTF-8"
LC_MESSAGES="zh_CN.UTF-8"
LC_PAPER="zh_CN.UTF-8"
LC_NAME="zh_CN.UTF-8"
LC_ADDRESS="zh_CN.UTF-8"
LC_TELEPHONE="zh_CN.UTF-8"
LC_MEASUREMENT="zh_CN.UTF-8"
LC_IDENTIFICATION="zh_CN.UTF-8"
LC_ALL=

是中文环境，就安装中文语言包，如果是英文环境就安装英文语言包

sudo dnf install -y glibc-langpack-zh

编码、语言环境设置 https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora/rawhide/system-administrators-guide/basic-system-configuration/System_Locale_and_Keyboard_Configuration/

配置组账户权限

# 创建组 staff
groupadd staff

# 创建 docker 用户，并把它加入到 staff 组中
useradd -g staff -d /home/docker docker

# 给 staff 组管理员 root 权限
useradd -s /bin/bash -g staff -G root docker
usermod -G root docker

配置镜像源

Fedora 系统

# 加快下载速度
sudo sed -e 's!^metalink=!#metalink=!g' \
    -e 's!^#baseurl=!baseurl=!g' \
    -e 's!//download\.fedoraproject\.org/pub!//mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn!g' \
    -e 's!http://mirrors\.tuna!https://mirrors.tuna!g' \
    -i /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-testing.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-modular.repo \
    /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-playground.repo

# 指定安装源
sudo sed -e 's|^metalink=|#metalink=|g' \
   -e 's|^#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux|baseurl=https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/fedora|g' \
   -i /etc/yum.repos.d/fedora.repo \
   /etc/yum.repos.d/fedora-modular.repo \
   /etc/yum.repos.d/fedora-updates.repo \
   /etc/yum.repos.d/fedora-updates-modular.repo

安装软件包

# texinfo-tex openblas-devel pandoc
sudo dnf config-manager --set-enabled PowerTools 
# R-devel
sudo dnf -y install epel-release 
sudo dnf update

安装 MariaDB

# 从系统仓库安装开源版 
sudo dnf install -y mariadb mariadb-devel mariadb-connector-odbc unixODBC-devel mariadb-server

# 启动 mysql 服务
sudo systemctl start mariadb.service
# 设置开机启动
sudo systemctl enable mariadb.service

# 先设置密码，然后登陆
sudo '/usr/bin/mysqladmin' -u root password 'cloud'
mysql -u root -h 127.0.0.1 -p 
mysql -u root -p ‘cloud’

主宿机文件传输

# 测试链接
ssh xiangyun@192.168.56.5 -p 22
# 主机文件 pandoc-2.10.1-linux-amd64.tar.gz 放入虚拟机
scp -P 22 rstudio-server-rhel-1.3.1073-x86_64.rpm xiangyun@192.168.58.5:/home/xiangyun/

输入密码后即可传输，速度飞快

rstudio-server-rhel-1.3.1073-x86_64.rpm       100%   45MB  74.5MB/s   00:00

系统默认软件

尚未安装其它任何软件的情况下，系统自带的软件包，每一个都是生产力工具，每一个都值得写一篇长文介绍如何使用，留着以后折腾吧！

工具 概况 版本
vi 文本编辑器 A minimal version of the VIM editor 8.0.1763
bash The GNU Bourne Again shell 4.4.19
gawk The GNU version of the AWK text processing utility 4.2.1
grep Pattern matching utilities 3.1
sed A GNU stream text editor 4.5
dnf 软件包管理器 Package manager 4.2.7
openssh An open source implementation of SSH protocol version 2 8.0p1
openssl Utilities from the general purpose cryptography library with TLS implementation 1.1.1c
curl A utility for getting files from remote servers (FTP, HTTP, and others) 7.61.1
iptables Tools for managing Linux kernel packet filtering capabilities 1.8.2
firewalld A firewall daemon with D-Bus interface providing a dynamic firewall 0.7.0
NetworkManager Network connection manager and user applications 1.20.0
rsyslog Enhanced system logging and kernel message trapping daemon 8.37.0
dbus D-BUS message bus 1.12.8
systemd System and Service Manager 239
gnupg2 Utility for secure communication and data storage 2.2.9
gzip The GNU data compression program 1.9
xz LZMA compression utilities 5.2.4
crontab 定时任务 Root crontab files used to schedule the execution of programs 1.11

tree 树形浏览器

tree 文件系统树形浏览器

sudo yum install -y tree
tree ~/.fonts

输出结果可以被 Markdown 语法接受

/home/xiangyun/.fonts/
└── winfonts
    ├── Arial_Bold_Italic.ttf
    ├── Arial_Bold.ttf
    ├── Arial_Italic.ttf
    ├── Arial.ttf
    ├── FangSong_GB2312.ttf
    ├── KaiTi_GB2312.ttf
    ├── SimHei.ttf
    ├── SimSun.ttc
    ├── Times_New_Roman_Bold_Italic.ttf
    ├── Times_New_Roman_Bold.ttf
    ├── Times_New_Roman_Italic.ttf
    └── Times_New_Roman.ttf
1 directory, 12 files

安装 fish/zsh

# 提供 chsh 命令
sudo yum install -y util-linux-user 
# 安装 fish
sudo yum install -y fish
# 安装 oh-my-fish
curl -L https://get.oh-my.fish | fish
# 安装使用 robbyrussell 主题
omf install robbyrussell
# 设置 fish 为默认 shell
chsh -s /usr/bin/fish

安装软件

sudo dnf install -y \
  calibre inkscape optipng ImageMagick ghostscript texinfo \
  texlive-pdfcrop texlive-dvisvgm texlive-dvips \
  texlive-dvipng texlive-ctex texlive-fandol texlive-xetex \
  texlive-framed texlive-titling \
  tex-preview epstool texlive-alegreya texlive-sourcecodepro

删除内核

# 查看已安装的内核
rpm -qa | grep kernel
# 删除旧内核
sudo yum remove kernel-3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64

Linux 工具箱

Linux 平台常用的工具

Package Homepage Version
sed https://www.gnu.org/software/sed/ 4.4-2
gawk http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/ 1:4.1.4+dfsg-1build1
grep http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/ 3.1-2
perl http://dev.perl.org/perl5/ 5.26.1-6ubuntu0.2
gnupg2 https://www.gnupg.org/ 2.2.4-1ubuntu1.1
vim https://vim.sourceforge.io/ 2:8.0.1453-1ubuntu1
zip http://www.info-zip.org/Zip.html 3.0-11build1
curl http://curl.haxx.se 7.58.0-2ubuntu3.5
make http://www.gnu.org/software/make/ 4.1-9.1ubuntu1
firewalld http://www.firewalld.org/ 0.4.4.6-1
ghostscript https://www.ghostscript.com/ 9.26~dfsg+0-0ubuntu0.18.04.1
imagemagick http://www.imagemagick.org/ 8:6.9.7.4+dfsg-16ubuntu6.4
  • tee 将标准输入复制到每个指定文件，并显示到标准输出。
  • iptables IP 信息包过滤系统

安装 tlmgr

下载解压 install-tl-unx.tar.gz

wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/CTAN/systems/texlive/tlnet/install-tl-unx.tar.gz
tar -xzf install-tl-unx.tar.gz

安装

sudo ./install-tl-20181217/install-tl

注意选择最小安装，即只安装包管理器 tlmgr （大约6M）

======================> TeX Live installation procedure <=====================

======>   Letters/digits in <angle brackets> indicate   <=======
======>   menu items for actions or customizations      <=======

 Detected platform: GNU/Linux on x86_64

 <B> set binary platforms: 1 out of 17

 <S> set installation scheme: scheme-infraonly

 <C> set installation collections:
     0 collections out of 41, disk space required: 6 MB

 <D> set directories:
   TEXDIR (the main TeX directory):
     /usr/local/texlive/2018
   TEXMFLOCAL (directory for site-wide local files):
     /usr/local/texlive/texmf-local
   TEXMFSYSVAR (directory for variable and automatically generated data):
     /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-var
   TEXMFSYSCONFIG (directory for local config):
     /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-config
   TEXMFVAR (personal directory for variable and automatically generated data):
     ~/.texlive2018/texmf-var
   TEXMFCONFIG (personal directory for local config):
     ~/.texlive2018/texmf-config
   TEXMFHOME (directory for user-specific files):
     ~/texmf

 <O> options:
   [ ] use letter size instead of A4 by default
   [X] allow execution of restricted list of programs via \write18
   [X] create all format files
   [X] install macro/font doc tree
   [X] install macro/font source tree
   [ ] create symlinks to standard directories

 <V> set up for portable installation

Actions:
 <I> start installation to hard disk
 <P> save installation profile to 'texlive.profile' and exit
 <H> help
 <Q> quit

Enter command: I
Installing to: /usr/local/texlive/2018
Installing [1/7, time/total: ??:??/??:??]: hyphen-base [22k]
Installing [2/7, time/total: 00:00/00:00]: kpathsea [1149k]
Installing [3/7, time/total: 00:01/00:01]: kpathsea.x86_64-linux [47k]
Installing [4/7, time/total: 00:01/00:01]: tetex [583k]
Installing [5/7, time/total: 00:01/00:01]: tetex.x86_64-linux [1k]
Installing [6/7, time/total: 00:01/00:01]: texlive.infra [394k]
Installing [7/7, time/total: 00:02/00:02]: texlive.infra.x86_64-linux [146k]
Time used for installing the packages: 00:02
running mktexlsr /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist ...
mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/ls-R...
mktexlsr: Done.
writing fmtutil.cnf to /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/web2c/fmtutil.cnf
writing updmap.cfg to /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/web2c/updmap.cfg
writing language.dat to /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-var/tex/generic/config/language.dat
writing language.def to /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-var/tex/generic/config/language.def
writing language.dat.lua to /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-var/tex/generic/config/language.dat.lua
running mktexlsr /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-var /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-config /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist ...
mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-config/ls-R...
mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/ls-R...
mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-var/ls-R...
mktexlsr: Done.
running updmap-sys --nohash ...done
re-running mktexlsr /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-var /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-config ...
mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-config/ls-R...
mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-var/ls-R...
mktexlsr: Done.
pre-generating all format files, be patient...
running fmtutil-sys --no-error-if-no-engine=luajittex,mfluajit --no-strict --all ...done
running package-specific postactions
finished with package-specific postactions


Welcome to TeX Live!


See /usr/local/texlive/2018/index.html for links to documentation.
The TeX Live web site (http://tug.org/texlive/) contains any updates and
corrections. TeX Live is a joint project of the TeX user groups around the
world; please consider supporting it by joining the group best for you. The
list of groups is available on the web at http://tug.org/usergroups.html.


Add /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/doc/man to MANPATH.
Add /usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/doc/info to INFOPATH.
Most importantly, add /usr/local/texlive/2018/bin/x86_64-linux
to your PATH for current and future sessions.
Logfile: /usr/local/texlive/2018/install-tl.log

在 .zshrc 或者 .bashrc 文件中添加路径

# TeXLive
PATH="/usr/local/texlive/2018/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH"
export PATH

export MANPATH=${MANPATH}:/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/doc/man
export INFOPATH=${INFOPATH}:/usr/local/texlive/2018/texmf-dist/doc/info

此时 tlmgr 可以在终端中工作了

tlmgr search --file --global upquote.sty
tlmgr: package repository http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/CTAN/systems/texlive/tlnet (verified)
upquote:
        texmf-dist/tex/latex/upquote/upquote.sty

RStudio Server 相关

安装 RStudio Server

curl -fLo rstudio-server-rhel-1.3.1073-x86_64.rpm https://download2.rstudio.org/server/centos8/x86_64/rstudio-server-rhel-1.3.1073-x86_64.rpm

gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv-keys 3F32EE77E331692F
gpg --export --armor 3F32EE77E331692F > rstudio-signing.key 
sudo rpm --import rstudio-signing.key  
rpm -K rstudio-server-rhel-1.3.1073-x86_64.rpm

sudo dnf install -y rstudio-server-rhel-1.3.1073-x86_64.rpm

输出如下表示验证成功

rstudio-server-rhel-1.3.1073-x86_64.rpm: digests signatures 确定

更新 Pandoc 版本

替换掉 RStudio Server 自带的低版本，RStudio 1.3 自带 Pandoc 2.7.3

tar -xzf pandoc-2.10.1-linux-amd64.tar.gz 
sudo cp pandoc-2.10.1/bin/* /usr/lib/rstudio-server/bin/pandoc/
echo "PATH=/usr/local/lib/rstudio-server/bin/pandoc:$PATH; export PATH" | tee -a ~/.bashrc

配置 R 环境

# 查看 R-devel 依赖
sudo dnf builddep R-devel
# 安装 R 及其依赖
dnf install -y R git R-littler R-littler-examples \
   openssl-devel libssh2-devel libgit2-devel \
   libxml2-devel libcurl-devel
# 快捷方式
ln -s /usr/lib64/R/library/littler/examples/install.r /usr/bin/install.r 
ln -s /usr/lib64/R/library/littler/examples/install2.r /usr/bin/install2.r
ln -s /usr/lib64/R/library/littler/examples/installGithub.r /usr/bin/installGithub.r 
ln -s /usr/lib64/R/library/littler/examples/testInstalled.r /usr/bin/testInstalled.r

# 配置 R 英文环境
echo "LANG=en_US.UTF-8" >> /usr/lib64/R/etc/Renviron.site
# 配置系统英文环境
echo "export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8"  >> /etc/profile
echo "export LANG=en_US.UTF-8"  >> /etc/profile

# R 配置文件
sudo touch /usr/lib64/R/etc/Rprofile.site
sudo mkdir -p /usr/lib64/R/site-library
sudo chown -R $(whoami):$(whoami) /usr/lib64/R/library /usr/share/doc /usr/lib64/R/site-library /usr/lib64/R/etc/Rprofile.site

# https://github.com/r-lib/devtools/issues/2084
echo ".libPaths(c('/usr/lib64/R/site-library','/usr/lib64/R/library'))" | tee -a  /usr/lib64/R/etc/Rprofile.site

Rscript -e 'x <- file.path(R.home("doc"), "html"); if (!file.exists(x)) {dir.create(x, recursive=TRUE); file.copy(system.file("html/R.css", package="stats"), x)}'
# CRAN 镜像地址
echo "options(repos = c(CRAN = 'https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/CRAN'), download.file.method = 'libcurl')" | tee -a  /usr/lib64/R/etc/Rprofile.site

编辑安全策略

在 CentOS 8.x 上安装 RStudio Server 时，遇到如下错误，需要编辑策略 Security-Enhanced Linux （访问控制安全策略机制）

 ERROR system error 13 (Permission denied); OCCURRED AT: rstudio::core::Error 
 
 rstudio::core::system::launchChildProcess(std::__cxx11::string, std::__cxx11::string, rstudio::core::system::ProcessConfig, rstudio::core::system::ProcessConfigFilter, PidType*)
 
 /var/lib/jenkins/workspace/IDE/open-source-pipeline/v1.2-patch/src/cpp/core/system/PosixSystem.cpp:2152; 
 
 LOGGED FROM: rstudio::core::Error rstudio::core::system::launchChildProcess(std::__cxx11::string, std::__cxx11::string, rstudio::core::system::ProcessConfigFilter, PidType*) 
 
 /var/lib/jenkins/workspace/IDE/open-source-pipeline/v1.2-patch/src/cpp/core/system/PosixSystem.cpp:2153

运行命令 sestatus 查看情况，修改策略配置文件

sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux

将 SELinux=enforcing 改为 SELinux=disabled，改完之后，重启，运行命令 sestatus，看是否生效

详见解决办法 https://community.rstudio.com/t/rserver-1692-error-system-error-13-permission-denied/46972/10

配置防火墙

开辟网络访问端口，比如 8282，准备分配给 RStudio Server

sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=8282/tcp --permanent
sudo firewall-cmd --reload

修改默认配置

sudo chown -R $(whoami):$(whoami) /etc/rstudio/rserver.conf /etc/rstudio/rsession.conf
# 默认的 R 路径 /usr/bin/R
echo "rsession-which-r=/usr/bin/R" >> /etc/rstudio/rserver.conf 
echo "www-port=8282" >> /etc/rstudio/rserver.conf 
echo "r-cran-repos=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/CRAN/" >> /etc/rstudio/rsession.conf

# 重启 rstudio-server 服务
sudo rstudio-server restart

然后就可以访问 http://192.168.58.5:8282

系统安装

安装 Fedora 29, CentOS 7, OpenSUSE 15, Ubuntu 18.04

安装 Fedora 29

开机进入安装界面后，首先选择安装过程中使用的语言，这里选择英语

选择系统语言

启用网络连接

选择最小安装

完成各项配置

等待安装直到完成

当我们往 Linux 系统输入第一个含有管理员权限的命令后，会提示如下一段话

[xiangyun@localhost ~]$ sudo dnf update

我们信任您已经从系统管理员那里了解了日常注意事项。
总结起来无外乎这三点：

    #1) 尊重别人的隐私。
    #2) 输入前要先考虑(后果和风险)。
    #3) 权力越大，责任越大。

[sudo] xiangyun 的密码：

安装 CentOS 7

  1. 下载 CentOS 8 minimal 版本 ISO

  2. 填写在线安装的网络地址 https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/8/BaseOS/x86_64/os/

  3. CentOS 8 源帮助 https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/help/centos.html

    sudo mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.backup
touch CentOS-Base.repo
vi CentOS-Base.repo
sudo cp CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/
sudo yum makecache

  4. 配置网络后，重启网络

    sudo nmcli c reload

选择界面语言

可以看到还有警告提示，需要配置网络连接、远程镜像位置、系统安装位置

网络设置

默认情况下 enpOs3 没有启用

我们把它开启

类似地，把 enpOs8 也开启

此时远程镜像位置还没有配置，选择就近的系统安装源，如清华

选择最小安装

选择安装位置

完成各项安装配置

需要创建用户

设置 Root 账户登陆密码

创建普通账户

将该用户设置为管理员权限

完成用户账户创建

等待安装，直到完成

重启，选择第一项进入系统

配置网络

获取 IP 地址

ONBOOT=no 设置为 ONBOOT=yes

PuTTY 登陆远程虚拟机

将获得的 IP 输入 PuTTY

第一次连接虚拟机中的操作系统， PuTTY 会有安全提示，选择是，登陆进去

安装 OpenSUSE

开机进入安装界面后，选择时区

图 1: openSUSE 选择时区

选择安装服务器版本

图 2: openSUSE 服务器版本

即将安装的软件

图 3: openSUSE 选择安装软件

创建管理员用户账户

图 4: openSUSE 用户账户

安装 Ubuntu

开机进入安装界面后，首先选择安装过程中使用的语言，这里选择英语

选择语言

选择键盘布局

安装 Ubuntu

配置网络连接

是否配置代理，选择否

配置代理

配置远程镜像位置

文件系统设置

VBox 指定的磁盘

确认磁盘的设置

再次确认磁盘的设置，一旦确认就会开始格式化磁盘，不可逆转

磁盘设置

用户管理员账户配置

导入 SSH 密钥

服务器配置

等待安装系统

系统安装完成